N-Sulfenylsuccinimide/phthalimide: an alternative sulfenylating reagent in organic transformations

• Fatemeh Doraghi,
• Seyedeh Pegah Aledavoud,
• Mehdi Ghanbarlou,
• Bagher Larijani and
• Mohammad Mahdavi

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2023, 19, 1471–1502, doi:10.3762/bjoc.19.106

• with N-(arylthio)phthalimide 14 and N-chlorophthalimide (96) under phase-transfer conditions was developed by Maruoka and co-workers (Scheme 39) [74]. The presence of chiral bifunctional catalysts C and D with the amide, or sulfonamide moieties could improve the enantioselectivity. Also, the

Recent advances in the asymmetric phosphoric acid-catalyzed synthesis of axially chiral compounds

• Alemayehu Gashaw Woldegiorgis and
• Xufeng Lin

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2729–2764, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.185

• great potential for catalysis of a wide range of reactions to achieve good to perfect enantioselectivities. This is due to their ability to act as synergistic bifunctional catalysts bearing both Brønsted acidic and Lewis basic sites, with the 3,3′-substituents playing a crucial role in achieving

Halides as versatile anions in asymmetric anion-binding organocatalysis

• Lukas Schifferer,
• Martin Stinglhamer,
• Kirandeep Kaur and
• Olga García Macheño

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 2270–2286, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.145

• catalysts’ designs Basic/nucleophilic – H-donor bifunctional catalysts: Over the past decades, chiral bifunctional catalysts bearing a thiourea as HB-donor and a basic or nucleophilic group such as an amine have emerged as a powerful tool in organocatalysis by assisting to enhance the catalyst performance

Asymmetric organocatalyzed synthesis of coumarin derivatives

• Natália M. Moreira,
• Lorena S. R. Martelli and
• Arlene G. Corrêa

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2021, 17, 1952–1980, doi:10.3762/bjoc.17.128

• ammonium salts derived from cinchona alkaloids [28]. Therefore, the asymmetric synthesis of coumarin derivatives is herein presented according to the activation mode, i.e., via covalent or non-covalent bonding. Furthermore, the use of bifunctional catalysts and multicatalysis are discussed as well

• recently, the strategy via introducing secondary interactions for the design of the bifunctional catalysts achieved wide application in asymmetric reactions [74]. Wu et al. described a Mannich asymmetric addition of cyanocoumarins 39 to isatin imines 112 catalyzed by an amide-phosphonium salt 114. This

Recent developments in enantioselective photocatalysis

• Callum Prentice,
• James Morrisson,
• Andrew D. Smith and
• Eli Zysman-Colman

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2020, 16, 2363–2441, doi:10.3762/bjoc.16.197

• :33 rr) but this example does demonstrate an interesting proof of concept with potential for the development of processes using alternative bifunctional catalysts. Phase-transfer catalysis Phase-transfer catalysis (PTC) is another non-covalent mode of catalysis that has been combined with

• enantioselectivities (20 examples, up to >99:1 er), with a quantum yield of 0.013. While there has been significant progress using bifunctional catalysts, dual catalytic systems can offer other modes of reactivity. For instance, Jiang et al. developed a urea-catalysed formal arylation of benzofuranones 215, using

Recent applications of chiral calixarenes in asymmetric catalysis

• Mustafa Durmaz,
• Erkan Halay and
• Selahattin Bozkurt

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 1389–1412, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.117

• asymmetric synthesis. In 2013, we described a novel class of calix[4]arene-based chiral primary amine–thiourea catalysts 47a and 47b derived from p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene (Figure 7) [49]. To evaluate the catalytic efficiency, bifunctional catalysts were applied to promote the Michael addition of aldehydes

Phosphodiester models for cleavage of nucleic acids

• Satu Mikkola,
• Tuomas Lönnberg and
• Harri Lönnberg

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 803–837, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.68

Novel amide-functionalized chloramphenicol base bifunctional organocatalysts for enantioselective alcoholysis of meso-cyclic anhydrides

• Lingjun Xu,
• Shuwen Han,
• Linjie Yan,
• Haifeng Wang,
• Haihui Peng and
• Fener Chen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2018, 14, 309–317, doi:10.3762/bjoc.14.19

• desired bifunctional Brønsted acid/base reactivity for enantioselective desymmetrization of anhydrides [48][49]. Results and Discussion A series of new chloramphenicol based-amide bifunctional catalysts 7a–q (Scheme 1) were synthesized from the appropriate optically pure (1R,2R)-diamine 6, prepared via

• . Different protecting groups for the nitrogen at the C-2 position and oxygen at C-3 are also investigated to yield the desired chiral catalysts using a simple procedure. With various bifunctional catalysts in hand, assessment of their catalytic behavior in enantioselective alcoholysis of meso-cyclic

Chiral phase-transfer catalysis in the asymmetric α-heterofunctionalization of prochiral nucleophiles

• Johannes Schörgenhumer,
• Maximilian Tiffner and
• Mario Waser

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2017, 13, 1753–1769, doi:10.3762/bjoc.13.170

• [112][113]. Our group has very recently investigated the use of bifunctional catalysts D for such α-hydroxylations [116]. Hereby we realized that oxaziridines like compound 23a are versatile reagents for this reaction, giving access to products 21 with excellent enantioselectivities under base-free

Bifunctional catalysis

• Darren J. Dixon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 1079–1080, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.102

• , stereochemically defined products through the action of the bifunctional catalyst system. Many bifunctional catalysts possess either Lewis or Brønsted basic functionality and a hydrogen-bond donor group suitably positioned over a chiral scaffold. Compared to single functional group catalysts, the cooperative

• reactivity and selectivity in synthetically relevant reactions. Furthermore, owing to the great number of pronucleophiles and electrophiles that are available, the number of polar addition reactions that are amenable to catalysis through the action of bifunctional catalysts is enormous, and consequently, the

1H-Imidazol-4(5H)-ones and thiazol-4(5H)-ones as emerging pronucleophiles in asymmetric catalysis

• Antonia Mielgo and
• Claudio Palomo

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 918–936, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.90

• reactions. Keywords: asymmetric catalysis; bifunctional catalysts; 1H-imidazol-4(5H)-ones; pronucleophiles; thiazol-4(5H)-ones; Introduction Asymmetric catalysis [1][2][3] constitutes a very powerful tool for the preparation of enantiomerically pure compounds [4]. Recent efforts in the field have been

• to develop hydrogen bond interactions [92][93][94][95] with a Brønsted base could provide a new family of potentially efficient bifunctional catalysts (Figure 4b). The main features of these new catalysts are the presence of a urea moiety together with a N,N-diacylaminal unit, both in close proximity

(Thio)urea-mediated synthesis of functionalized six-membered rings with multiple chiral centers

• Giorgos Koutoulogenis,
• Nikolaos Kaplaneris and
• Christoforos G. Kokotos

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 462–495, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.48

• of a bifunctional catalyst. The first family of these bifunctional catalysts, that are going to be discussed, are the "primary amine-thioureas". Initially, catalyst 4 was studied as an organocatalyst in the addition of isobutyraldehyde (1) to (E)-methyl 2-oxo-4-phenylbut-3-enoate (2) for the

Cupreines and cupreidines: an established class of bifunctional cinchona organocatalysts

• Laura A. Bryant,
• Rossana Fanelli and
• Alexander J. A. Cobb

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 429–443, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.46

• . – especially when it comes to the Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction, although they are in no way limited to these, and one can only expect the prevalence of these remarkable bifunctional catalysts within the literature to increase over the coming years. The structural diversity of the cinchona alkaloids, along

Application of 7-azaisatins in enantioselective Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction

• Qing He,
• Gu Zhan,
• Wei Du and
• Ying-Chun Chen

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 309–313, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.33

• the identical catalytic conditions [14]. Remarkably, these reactions were usually promoted by bifunctional catalysts, such as β-ICD, whose C6’-OH group served as a H-bond donor to facilitate the proton-transfer step and to stabilize the transition state in MBH reactions [11][12][13][14]. Nevertheless

Organocatalytic asymmetric Henry reaction of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones with bifunctional amine-thiourea catalysts bearing multiple hydrogen-bond donors

• Ming-Liang Zhang,
• Deng-Feng Yue,
• Zhen-Hua Wang,
• Yuan Luo,
• Xiao-Ying Xu,
• Xiao-Mei Zhang and
• Wei-Cheng Yuan

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2016, 12, 295–300, doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.31

• -pyrrol-2(3H)-ones bearing quaternary stereocenters were obtained in acceptable yield (up to 75%) and enantioselectivity (up to 73% ee). Keywords: asymmetric catalysis; bifunctional catalysts; Henry reaction; organocatalysis; 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones; Introduction Asymmetric organocatalysis has been

• demonstrated to be an effective and versatile strategy in facilitating a variety of organic transformations over the past decade, and numerous catalytic asymmetric reactions have been developed with various activation modes [1][2][3][4][5][6]. In this realm, chiral bifunctional catalysts, possessing two active

Organocatalytic and enantioselective Michael reaction between α-nitroesters and nitroalkenes. Syn/anti-selectivity control using catalysts with the same absolute backbone chirality

• Jose I. Martínez,
• Uxue Uria,
• Maria Muñiz,
• Efraím Reyes,
• Luisa Carrillo and
• Jose L. Vicario

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 2577–2583, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.277

• nitroalkenes has been studied in the presence of two bifunctional catalysts both containing the same absolute chirality at the carbon backbone. The reaction performed in similar conditions allows us to control the syn or anti selectivity of the Michael adduct obtaining good yields and high enantiocontrol in

• one proposed in Scheme 3 [64]. This involves the activation of the nucleophile by the squaramide moiety of the bifunctional catalysts 4 and 6 through the formation of multiple H-bonding interactions and the simultaneous interaction between the nitroalkene acceptor and the ammonium salt moiety, the

• advantage of the Michael addition of nitroalkenes and using two different bifunctional catalysts derived from cinchona alkaloids (catalyst 4) or cyclohexadiamine (catalyst 6). These catalysts, both with the same absolute backbone chirality, allow us to control the syn or anti selectivity obtaining the final

Robust bifunctional aluminium–salen catalysts for the preparation of cyclic carbonates from carbon dioxide and epoxides

• Yuri A. Rulev,
• Zalina Gugkaeva,
• Victor I. Maleev,
• Michael North and
• Yuri N. Belokon

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2015, 11, 1614–1623, doi:10.3762/bjoc.11.176

• efficient for polycarbonate production [12]. Further modification of the salen moiety by the introduction of basic or ammonium salts through alkyl spacers attached to the salen aromatic rings led to the formation of a family of bifunctional catalysts possessing both Lewis acid and nucleophilic catalysis

• , entry 12). This supports the hypothesis that complexes 1 and 2 are bifunctional catalysts in which both the aluminium centre and the ammonium halide play important catalytic roles. After finding the optimal reaction conditions for each catalyst, both complexes 1 and 2 were tested with a range of

A quantitative approach to nucleophilic organocatalysis

• Herbert Mayr,
• Sami Lakhdar,
• Biplab Maji and
• Armin R. Ofial

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1458–1478, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.166

• electrophilicity scales in [4]. When proline or structurally related bifunctional catalysts are employed, the mechanism depicted in Figure 17 has to be modified. List and Houk explained the high enantioselectivity of proline catalyzed reactions of aldehydes or ketones with electrophiles by the transition state TS

Organocatalytic asymmetric Michael addition of unprotected 3-substituted oxindoles to 1,4-naphthoquinone

• Jin-Sheng Yu,
• Feng Zhou,
• Yun-Lin Liu and
• Jian Zhou

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1360–1365, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.157

• TLC and NMR analysis of the crude reaction mixture. While the simple quinine and quinidine as catalysts could deliver product 3a in 59% ee (Table 1, entry 2), all other bifunctional catalysts turned out to be much less enantioselective (Table 1, entries 3–5). However, the dinuclear Brønsted base

Asymmetric organocatalytic decarboxylative Mannich reaction using β-keto acids: A new protocol for the synthesis of chiral β-amino ketones

• Chunhui Jiang,
• Fangrui Zhong and
• Yixin Lu

Beilstein J. Org. Chem. 2012, 8, 1279–1283, doi:10.3762/bjoc.8.144

• tosylimine 1a and β-keto acid 2a in the presence of a range of bifunctional catalysts (Table 1). We first evaluated the catalytic effects of several cinchona alkaloid derivatives. Commercially available cinchonidine (CD-1) led to the formation of the product with disappointing enantioselectivity (Table 1

• , entries 5–7). Among them, the cinchonine based thiourea C-1 turned out to be the best catalyst, and the Mannich product was isolated with 58% ee (Table 1, entry 7). In addition, we also examined several other bifunctional catalysts based on amino acids [43][44], including threonine derived Thr-1 [45], and